A Horrifying Look at Christian Zionism

Blog Post 76

May 5, 2025

People still don’t get why zionism is racism, among other things. They still don’t understand how a non-Jew could be a zionist and why some Jews hate zionism. Some still can’t figure out why some Christians support the zionist state come hell or high water. A lot of people still think it doesn’t concern them, it’s too complex, it’s not worth getting into, there’s a lot of other things that are more important to deal with…

What I can’t get is what will you tell your children and grandchildren, nieces and nephews, when they ask you: “What did you think about the genocide in Palestine and what did you do about it?” And if you don’t think about having children and grandchildren, nieces and nephews, then what will you tell Allah Subhanahu wa ta’ala when those questions are posed to you?

The history of zionism is a long one. The history of Christians being pro-zionism and supporting a zionist state in Palestine is a long one. Like many things, it’s not new. And of course, we know that history repeats itself.

Let’s look at the history. But first a definition.

Christian zionism: “a political and religious ideology that, in a Christian context, espouses the return of the Jewish people to the Holy Land…It holds that the founding of the State of Israel in 1948 was in accordance with biblical prophecies transmitted through the Old Testament: that the re-establishment of Jewish sovereignty in the Levant—the eschatological ‘Gathering of Israel’—is a prerequisite for the Second Coming of Jesus Christ. The term began to be used in the mid-20th century, in place of Christian restorationism, as proponents of the ideology rallied behind Zionists in support of a Jewish national homeland.” (Wikipedia, “Christian Zionism”) Even though Christian zionists call for and support Jews’ return to the zionist state, they also believe Jews must be encouraged to reject Judaism and adopt Christianity in order to fulfill biblical prophecies. It seems there is a whole lot of distrust among Jews towards the Evangelical Protestants’ motives because they promote both support for the zionist state and evangelizing Jews. (Wikipedia, “Christian Zionism”)

Basically, today, like Mike Mallery (2024) writes on (Quora.com, “It is quite simple really…christian churches support and defend Israel for their own selfish theistic reasons. In order for the second coming or the rapture to occur you need an Israeli state to usher in the last days narrative. In my opinion, it is all greed and prophecy. How insanely immoral and insane!!!” (“Why do Baptists, Pentecostals and Non-denominational Churches support Zionism/Israel? Christianity?,” Quora.com)

Bill Finn (2018) wrote in response to “Is the Protestant Christian religion the only reason why some people support Israel and Zionism?”, “Pro-Israel Protestants are known as Christian Zionists, and they are a very important factor in the American support of Israel. People often think that the ‘Israel lobby = the Jewish lobby,’ but it simply isn’t true. There are at least 4 groups in America that are pro-Israel.” The one we’re mostly concerned with in this blog post is the first group. (“Why do Baptists,” Quora.com)

1) Christian zionists: They’re the largest zionist group in number in the US and they’re uncompromising. They hold “extreme anti-peace views,” like the right-wingers in the zionist state do. They used to be “among the most anti-Semitic people,” but in the last fifty years, they’ve embraced the zionist state. Their apocalyptic beliefs are the reason. But don’t believe for a minute that’s all there is too it. Christian zionists hold “rabidly anti-Arab and anti-Islamic views.” While they don’t understand, like or even care about Jews, they hate Arabs and Muslims. The Israeli state plays both positions – it’s needed to get the end times here faster and in the meantime it’s the “new crusader” state, genociding Muslims. Christian zionists are heavily represented in and have a very major influence on the Republican party. (Finn)

2) US military: The US and Israeli militaries have a very “deep and complex relationship.” For over 30 years, the zionist state “has been involved in high-tech quality control of US military forces.” The US defense establishment is fully aware of the zionist state’s “high tech expertise, their intelligence capabilities, and the military/security systems they have developed.” The US armed forces don’t necessarily want to go to war over there, especially not man-to-man on the ground. (Finn)

3) Defense vendors: The US “defense” vendors “are pro-Israel, because it makes them money.” They use it to contribute to both parties in the US so they can continue selling to both sides. (Finn)

4) American Jews: They have influence, but little real power. Most Jews in the US are left-wing democrats, where they have some say. However, Jewish leaders and institutions are right-wing, zionists and haters of Palestinians and Muslims. American Jews are disproportionately influential in the democratic party. Of course, there are pro-Israel religious groups who are democratic and republican “constituents and activists. Jews man the phones and knock on doors to get out the vote for the Democratic party. Conservative Christians do the same thing for Republicans.” (Finn)

Certainly, everyone knows US policy is pro-Israel, pro-zionist, anti-Palestine, anti-Arab, anti-Muslim, anti-Islam.

Oren Frien (2019) wrote in response to this question, “Which Christian group(s) or school(s) of thought rejects Zionist Christians, like the Anti-Zionist Jews (in New York and elsewhere)?,” zionism is the movement that believes Jewish people should be repatriated to a “modern ethnonational state” in their ancestral homeland. It became “widely acceptable due to the work of Protestant Christians, especially the Evangelical Movement.” Christians all over “the world were initially opposed or apathetic about the possibility of a Jewish State in the Middle East.” Because the 1917 British government was full of “British Israelites, a version of Protestantism that looked favorably on a Jewish return to their historic homeland,” zionism became successfully accepted. (“Why do Baptists,” Quora.com)

Beginning around 1830

Peter Green (2025) gives us a brief history about John Nelson Darby (1800-1882), an Ango-Irish man born in London, and “dispensationalism” which explains the link between Christians and the zionist state. J N Darby began as an Anglican preacher in Ireland “who joined the Brethren and eventually formed the Exclusive or Plymouth Brethren.” Around 1833, he developed the theory of dispensationalism. Darby believed “that God works with people in different eras of history (dispensations) in different ways. At the end of each dispensation, people fail, demonstrating human weakness and fallibility. The Jewish dispensation ended in failure as well, causing God to move to Plan B, which is the church. Had Israel fulfilled its calling, Jesus would have been established on the Davidic throne in Jerusalem and would never have died.” (“Why do Baptists,” Quora.com)

Since the church had also failed, in Darby’s view, and was “like the Laodicean church in Revelation…God’s plan B was now only properly revealed in scattered remnants.” The theory says “that a time of great suffering was about to come on the world. However, before that time, all true Christians would be ‘raptured’ out of the world, [some] Jews would see their error in rejecting Jesus, and would repent…The Jews will rebuild the Temple and recommence the sacrifices, while also leading the chastened Gentiles to follow God.” (Green)

At the time, dispensationalism was a minority view, condemned by some while ignored by others. However, around World War 1, having included fundamentalism, “a fairly orthodox movement largely focussed on reinforcing traditional Protestant views in the face of ‘liberal’ teaching coming from German universities,” it spread, with the “belief in the inerrancy of the Bible,” that the Bible was free of errors. “Fundamentalism said, ‘Scripture is inerrant,’ Dispensationalism said, ‘and this is what it teaches.’ (See C I Scofield’s annotated Bible, published just before the war. He was a “populariser of dispensationalism.”) The Balfour Declaration of 1917 propelled the movement. (Green)

Dispensationalists believed that “God was finished with the Church: its hope of a golden age before Christ’s return was dashed, World War 1 was at least a precursor to that Great Tribulation, and God was starting to restore Israel.” D L Moody and other preachers spread the teachings. “Everyone should be ready: why suffer through the Tribulation, when you can go to be with Jesus in the Rapture? The time is short!” People joined in droves. (Green)

“During the Great Depression, the hope of ‘flying away, one day’ drew people to this message.” The establishment of the zionist state in 1948, the defeat of its “Arab opponents in 1948 and 1967,” and their “control of the Jerusalem old city” was “prophesy being fulfilled before our eyes! How could a true, fundamentalist evangelical not support Israel?…It’s a very small step from there to, ‘Israel, right or wrong.’” (Green)

“Dispensationalism is very portable. A preacher with very little education could run a local outreach with a loud voice, a Bible and a set of charts proclaiming the Dispensational view of prophecy.” These “churches…have a long history of lay ministries.” They can promote “poor theology.” Other ideas can infiltrate as preachers add in their own. “But a whole consistent system [like Dispensationalism] can seem believable, and people can take it on board, which is what happened. Not only was the system becoming accepted within particular denominations, it was also becoming accepted across denominations, making it seem more believable.” (Green)

In the 16th and 17th centuries

Pro-zionist ideas began in the 16th and 17th centuries among the Christian Puritans (English Protestants). The Puritans were a Reformed branch of Christianity, who wanted to rid the church of England of Catholic practices. They began to talk about “Jews returning to Palestine and making it their national homeland” in the 1580s. They ended up as the Congregationalist denomination. They’re the ones who came to the US. (Wikipedia, “Christian Zionism”)

The sordid tales of the kings and queens of England have a part to play in all of this. Edward VI, the only surviving son of Henry VIII, was crowned king when he was nine years old in 1547. (Remember Henry VIII and his six wives, three of whom he had their marriages annulled and two he had beheaded. Only three children survived him, Mary I – whose mother was the youngest daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, the king and queen who began the Spanish Inquisition in 1478; Elizabeth I; and Edward VI. The first two were considered illegitimate due to their father’s annulment of their mothers’ marriages to him. Elizabeth I was 2½ years old when her mother, Anne Boleyn, was executed.) Edward VI’s mother, Jane Seymour, Henry VIII’s third wife, died 12 days after he was born. (Two of Jane’s brothers were beheaded for treason during Edward VI’s reign.) Edward VI was the first king of England who was raised as a Protestant. He died when he was 15 in 1553. ((Wikipedia, “Christian Zionism”)

The church of England transformed into a Protestant church under Edward VI. His father (Henry VIII) had cut ties between the English church and Rome, because he wanted to divorce his Spanish first wife, the mother of Mary I, but most Catholic doctrine and ceremonial trappings were retained. The Protestant reformation had begun in 1517 with Martin Luther (1483-1546, German, resulted in Lutheranism denomination) and his “Ninety-five Theses.” During Edward VI’s reign, “Protestantism was established with reforms that included the abolition of clerical celibacy and the Mass,” and church services were conducted in English. The Book of Common Prayer, the Edwardine Ordinals of 1550 and 1552 and the Forty-two Articles of Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer (1489-1556, English, resulted in Anglican denomination) formed the basis for English church practices up to now. Cranmer was burned at the stake for treason and heresy by Edward VI’s half-sister, Mary I, the Catholic queen after him, in 1556. While Catholics fought against Henry VIII, he had many of them and others, imprisoned, tried for treason and executed. (Wikipedia, “English Reformation”)

During Edward VI’s reign, Protestants were recruited to reform the church of England. Their success led men such as Peter Martyr Vermigli in 1548 (1499-1562, Italian) and Martin Bucer in 1550 (1491-1551, German) to became divinity professors at Oxford and Cambridge, respectively. “These two men forwarded a biblical exegesis which included an important role for the Jews, converted to Christianity, in the end times.” Other important Protestants, among many, were William Tyndale (1494-1536, English), John Calvin (1509-1564, French), John Knox (1514-1572, Scottish, resulted in Presbyterian denomination) and John Foxe (1516/17-1587, English), and among many earlier ones were John Wycliffe (1328-1384, English) and Jan Hus (1370-1415, Czech, resulted in Moravian denomination). ((Wikipedia, “Christian Zionism”)

Several hundreds of Reformed (Protestant) theologians and others were charged with heresy, placed under house arrest, imprisoned, excommunicated and executed by Mary I (known as Bloody Mary, who ruled for five years after her half-brother Edward VI’s death). Termed the Marian Persecutions, those executed by her, 287 people, mostly by burning at the stake, starting in 1555, included John Bradford (1510-1555, English), John Rogers (1505-1555, English), Lawrence Saunders (1519-1555, English), Rowland Taylor (1510-1555, English), John Hooper (1495-1555, English), Hugh Latimer (1487-1555, English) and Nicholas Ridley (1500-1555, English) and 56 women, including sisters Guillemine Gilbert and Perotine Massey (who gave birth in the flames, her infant was retrieved and thrown back into the fire), and their mother, Catherine Cauchés (in 1556, Guernsey). Thirty people died in prison. Mary I even had some people, such as Martin Bucer and Catherine, the wife of Peter Martyr Vermigli, tried for heresy posthumously, dug up and burned along with their writings/books. She even had her half-sister Elizabeth I imprisoned and put under house arrest. As well, many others were pursued and “excommunicated” by the Roman Inquisition which began in 1542. ((Wikipedia, “List of Protestant martyrs of the English Reformation”; Wikipedia, “Guernsey Martyrs”)

We have digressed…

There is a very long history of Christians espousing the return of Jews to the Holy Land and Christian zionism. Inshallah, we will discuss it in another blog post since this one has run on so long.

“Christian Zionism in the United States is mostly an evangelical phenomenon, but not exclusively. According to the Pew Research Center, 63% of white evangelicals in the U.S. believe that the state of Israel fulfilled a biblical prophecy…Pew shows that a quarter of white U.S. Catholics shared the same views. This indicates that Christian Zionism has its roots in an American, or probably a more widely Western, Christian narrative, rather than in a strictly evangelical tradition.” (Muaddi, Qassam, April 19, 2025, “How Christian Zionism is Helping to Crucify the Birthplace of Christ,” Mondoweiss)

We’ll end this with some of the beliefs of Christian zionists that they believe will speed things up for them.

Christian zionists say that “Jews will be restored to Palestine in the last days and then rebuild a third temple and resume offering animal sacrifices to commemorate the sacrifice of Jesus on the Cross.” They believe they must support the “construction of a third temple” in the zionist state. They believe in these “Holy Land theologies” and must stand with the zionist state so these “eschatological expectations relating to the second coming of Christ can come to fulfilment.” (Friends of Sabeel North America (FOSNA), “Countering Christian Zionism: A Toolkit for Activists and Local Leaders”)

“Christian Zionism holds fast to a misreading of Genesis 12:3, where God says to Abram [Abraham, Prophet Ibrahim, peace be upon him] ‘I will bless those who bless you, and whoever curses you I will curse; and all peoples on earth will be blessed through you.’” The “you” in their interpretation is the zionist state. “This falsely conflates the biblical Hebrews…with modern Israel (a colonial nation state that is marginalizing and oppressing the Palestinian people). Drawing on principles taken from the prosperity gospel [such as Texan televangelist Joel Olsten (b. 1963) preaches], which is a misguided belief that God will reward people with financial and material success, Christian Zionism states that one’s experience of blessing is predicated upon one’s support for the state of Israel.” (FOSNA)

Christian zionists think that, “God has given the Jews eternal ownership of the entire biblical land of Israel and that Arabs and other Muslims are determined to sabotage that divine covenant.” So “Muslims and Arabs (they rarely differentiate between the two) must play the role of the ‘enemies of God’s will.’” They say that the zionist state “must gather all the Jews of the world, enlarge its territory, destroy Muslim holy places, and ethnically cleanse ‘the holy land’ of all non-Jews.” (FOSNA)

Christians United for Israel (CUFI) and others “push for Christian nationalism, the privileging of ‘cultural Christianity’ and ‘traditional [read: white] values’ in American civil life. Cultural Christianity is deeply tied to whiteness. In other words, what outwardly racist white nationalists say they are doing to ‘preserve whiteness’ are the same things that Christian nationalists…say they do to ‘preserve Christian values.’” (FOSNA)

CUFI claims to defend the zionist state by supporting Jews. But Jews are their “means to an end with the ultimate goal being Christian salvation.” Their theology is antisemitic, “reducing Jews to pawns.” CUFI does “not care about peace and justice.” (FOSNA)

The Red Heifer

Christian zionists believe that Jews must sacrifice a red heifer and burn it into ashes so that they can mix it with water to use to ritually purify the Temple, the Temple Mount area, the sacred vessels and the Jewish Levitical priests. They want to rebuild the Temple (for the third time) in Al-Quds on the Temple Mount where the Dome of the Rock is. This idea is based on verses in the Bible: “The Lord said to Moses and Aaron: ‘This is a requirement of the law that the Lord has commanded: Tell the Israelites to bring you a red heifer without defect or blemish and that has never been under a yoke. … This will be a lasting ordinance both for the Israelites and for the aliens living among them.” (Numbers 19:1–2, 10) “Over 500 young Jewish men, descended from the tribe of Levi, have been trained as Temple Priests to fulfill their duties of worship and sacrifice in the Temple.” But the Temple services need the red heifer. “Only the red heifer can restore the Biblical purity needed to rebuild the Temple.” “Then Eleazar the priest is to take some of its [red heifer] blood on his finger and sprinkle it seven times toward the front of the Tent of Meeting.” (Numbers 19:4) “An unblemished, pure red heifer is the key ingredient to Temple worship (Numbers 19:1–2, 10)” “A man who is clean shall gather up the ashes of the heifer and put them in a ceremonially clean place outside the camp. They are to be kept by the Israelite community for use in the water of cleansing; it is for purification from sin.” (Numbers 19:9) “The waters of sanctification were also sprinkled onto all those who were impure, and many were first purified in this process before entering the courts of the Temple…The ashes of the red heifer is the only remedy for the defilement that results from contact with a corpse.” “The Pool of Siloam, which was fed by the Spring of Gihon, is thought to be the source for the running water (mayim chayim) mixed with the ashes of the red heifer. Children that were born and raised in a special community so that they remained undefiled were responsible for drawing the living water that would be mixed with the ashes (The Temple Institute).” “Some Jewish sages believe the ordinance of the red heifer to be connected to the sin of the golden calf. The red heifer is believed to serve in some way as atonement for the terrible consequences of the Israelites worshiping the golden calf when they were brought out of Egypt.” (The Messianic Prophecy Bible Project, “The Red Heifer and the Third Temple in End-Time Prophecy,” Messianicbible.com)

The Problem for Them – “The Third Temple: Finding the Red Heifer”

“In order for a cow to qualify as a red heifer for this holy purpose of purification, it must meet the following requirements, as outlined in Numbers 19, and also in the writings of the oral tradition of the Talmud:

1.The red heifer must be absolutely perfect in its redness. Even two hairs of any other color will disqualify it. Even its hooves must be red. 2. It was to be three or four years old. Although older animals could be used, younger could not. 3. It must be free of any kind of internal or external defect or blemish. 4. It must not have been used for any type of physical labor and never have been placed under a yoke – not even once!

Only an animal that meets all these requirements may be used to provide the ashes of the purification process in fulfillment of the commandment.” (The Messianic Prophecy Bible Project)

“Christian Zionist ranchers in Texas have tried to produce a red heifer that they hoped could be transported to Israel… Such a perfect creature is so elusive that its ceremonial burning has seldom happened in all of Jewish history…Only nine red heifers were sacrificed from the time of Tabernacle worship until the Second Temple was destroyed in 70 AD on Tisha B’Av…The Jewish sage Maimonides believed that the tenth animal would only be found and sacrificed when King Messiah was ready to appear…The red heifer itself prophetically points to Yeshua (Jesus) the Messiah and His death on the execution stake. He who was perfect, unblemished and sinless took upon Himself the sins of the world so that we could become the righteousness of God (2 Corinthians 5:21).” So without the red heifer, Christian zionists believe Prophet Isa, peace and blessings be upon him, will not return to Earth. (The Messianic Prophecy Bible Project)

Crimes

The Christian zionist CUFI is the largest US organization, with over ten million members, founded and chaired by Texan preacher and televangelist John Hagee (b. 1940), that supports the zionist state’s “colonization and military occupation of Palestine, including the imprisonment of Palestinian children; the bombing of homes, schools, and hospitals in Gaza; massacring peaceful protestors; and the confiscation of Palestinian land. CUFI has cemented its place as a religio-nationalist organization that openly drives U.S. imperialism and the ongoing colonization of Palestine, all in the name of Christianity.” (FOSNA); Wikipedia. “Christians United for Israel”)

Christian zionists and zionists

Donald Trump (b. 1946), JD Vance (b. 1984) , Mike Pence (b. 1959), Mike Pompeo (b. 1963), Mike Huckabee (b. 1955), Steve Bannon (b. 1953), Nikki Haley (b. 1972), John Fetterman (b. 1969), Justin Trudeau (b. 1971), Joe Biden (b. 1942), Barack Obama (b. 1961), Kamala Harris (b. 1960), Stephen Harper (b. 1959), Bill Clinton (b. 1946) Hillary Clinton (b. 1947), Andrew Cuomo (b. 1957), Lindsay Graham (b. 1955), George W. Bush (b. 1946), George H. W. Bush (d. 2018), Ronald Reagan (d. 2004), Gerald Ford (d. 2006), Richard Nixon (d. 1994), Lyndon Johnson (d. 1973), John F. Kennedy (d. 1963), Harry Truman (d. 1972), Hubert Humphrey (d. 1978) (& etc.), Jerry Falwell Jr. (b. 1962), Jerry Falwell Sr. (d. 2007, sat on CUFI’s executive board}, Franklin Graham (b. 1952), Billy Graham (d. 2018), Frank Sinatra (d. 1998), etc., etc., etc. (Israel Allies Foundation, “Israel’s Top 50 Christian Allies 2022”; (Wikipedia. “American Zionists”; (Wikipedia, “American Christian Zionists”)

“Some ‘Christians’ will not just ignore the crucified people of Palestine, descendants of the first Christians. Many of those who call themselves Zionists and Christians at the same time will be praying for D-9 bulldozers to finish razing the rubble of Palestinian homes, clinics, and kindergartens, and uprooting the olives that our ancestors planted, hoping that some Hollywood-like white, long-haired Jesus would appear speaking American English. They will be literally hammering the nails themselves into the wrists of an entire people they have already dehumanized, ignoring Jesus’s warning: ‘It is to me that you did it.’” (Muaddi)

Photos, videos and reports out of Gaza are hard to come by these days. Please see this video of April 12, 2025 – https://www.presstv.ir/Detail/2025/04/12/745992/Palestine-Gaza-residential-building-Israeli-airstrikes-

To Be Continued, Inshallah…

Resources

Abed, Abu Bakr. (April 12, 2025). “80% of housing units in Gaza destroyed by Israeli airstrikes.” Press TV.com. https://www.presstv.ir/Detail/2025/04/12/745992/Palestine-Gaza-residential-building-Israeli-airstrikes- 

Alternate Focus. “Onward, Christian Zionists.” (2009). Youtube.com. https://youtu.be/YYWlB64upSc?si=NNHz-p0lpD0Ju6Ct 

Finn, Bill. (2018). “Is the Protestant Christian religion the only reason why some people support Israel and Zionism?” Quora.com.  https://www.quora.com/Why-do-Baptists-Pentecostals-and-Non-denominational-Churches-support-Zionism-Israel-Christianity 

Frien, Orem. (2019). “Which Christian group(s) or school(s) of thought rejects Zionist Christians, like the Anti-Zionist Jews (in New York en elsewhere)?” Quora.com. https://www.quora.com/Why-do-Baptists-Pentecostals-and-Non-denominational-Churches-support-Zionism-Israel-Christianity

Friends of Sabeel North America (FOSNA). “Countering Christian Zionism: A Toolkit for Activists and Local Leaders.” https://www.fosna.org/counter-cufi-toolkit#:~:text=Explaining%20Christian%20Zionism,war%20crimes%2C%20and%20ethnic%20cleansing 

Gore, Bruce. (2015). “9. Dispensationalism in America.” Youtube.com.  https://youtu.be/yvnMTDW25S4?si=yseIbojZ7OVTJb_p 

Green, Peter. (2025). “Why do Baptists, Pentecostals and Non-denominational Churches support Zionism/Israel? Christianity?” Quora.com. https://www.quora.com/Why-do-Baptists-Pentecostals-and-Non-denominational-Churches-support-Zionism-Israel-Christianity

Israel Allies Foundation. “Israel’s Top 50 Christian Allies 2022.” https://israelallies.org/israels-top-50-christian-allies-2022 

Mallery, Mike. (2024). “Why do Baptists, Pentecostals and Non-denominational Churches support Zionism/Israel? Christianity?” Quora.com. https://www.quora.com/Why-do-Baptists-Pentecostals-and-Non-denominational-Churches-support-Zionism-Israel-Christianity

Muaddi, Qassam. (April 19, 2025). “How Christian Zionism is Helping to Crucify the Birthplace of Christ.” Mondoweiss. https://mondoweiss.net/2025/04/how-christian-zionism-is-helping-to-crucify-the-birthplace-of-christ/ 

The Messianic Prophecy Bible Project. “The Red Heifer and the Third Temple in End-Time Prophecy.” Messianicbible.com. https://www.messianicbible.com/feature/the-red-heifer-and-the-third-temple-in-end-time-prophecy/ 

Wikipedia. “American Christian Zionists.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_Christian_Zionists 

Wikipedia. “American Zionists.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_Zionists 

Wikipedia. “Christians United for Israel.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians_United_for_Israel 

Wikipedia. “Christian Zionism.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Zionism 

Wikipedia. “English Reformation.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Reformation

Wikipedia. “Guernsey Martyrs.”  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey_Martyrs 

Wikipedia. “List of Protestant martyrs of the English Reformation.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Protestant_martyrs_of_the_English_Reformation